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Arabic language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

  (Redirected from Arabic)

"Arabic" redirects here. For other uses, see Arabic (disambiguation).

This article is about the language. For the literary standard, see Modern Standard Arabic. For vernaculars, see varieties of Arabic. For others, see Arabic languages.

Arabic (العربية al-ʻarabīyah [alʕaraˈbijja] ( listen) or عربي/عربى ʻarabī  [ˈʕarabiː] ( listen)) is a name for the descendants of the Classical Arabic language of the 6th century. This includes both the literary language and varieties of Arabic spoken in a wide arc of territory, stretching across the Middle East, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa. Arabic belongs to the Afro-Asiatic language family.

The literary language is called Modern Standard Arabic or Literary Arabic. It is currently the only official form of Arabic, used in most written documents as well as in formal spoken occasions, such as lectures and news broadcasts. However, this varies from one country to the other. In 1912, Moroccan Arabic was official in Morocco for some time, before Morocco joined the Arab League.

Arabic languages are Central Semitic languages, most closely related to Aramaic, Hebrew, Ugaritic and Phoenician. The standardized written Arabic is distinct from and more conservative than all of the spoken varieties, and the two exist in a state known as diglossia, used side-by-side for different societal functions.

Some of the spoken varieties are mutually unintelligible,^[3] both written and orally, and the varieties as a whole constitute a sociolinguistic language. This means that on purely linguistic grounds they would likely be considered to constitute more than one language, but are commonly grouped together as a single language for political and/or religious reasons (see below). If considered multiple languages, it is unclear how many languages there would be, as the spoken varieties form a dialect chain with no clear boundaries. If Arabic is considered a single language, it perhaps is spoken by as many as 422 million^[4] first language speakers, making it one of the half dozen most populous languages in the world. If considered separate languages, the most-spoken variety would most likely be Egyptian Arabic, with 54 million native speakers^[5]—still greater than any other Semitic language.

Arabic is the eleventh-most-spoken language in the United States.^[6]

The modern written language (Modern Standard Arabic) is derived from the language of the Quran (known as Classical Arabic or Quranic Arabic). It is widely taught in schools, universities and used to varying degrees in workplaces, government and the media. The two formal varieties are grouped together as Literary Arabic, which is the official language of 26 states and the liturgical language of Islam. Modern Standard Arabic largely follows the grammatical standards of Quranic Arabic and uses much of the same vocabulary. However, it has discarded some grammatical constructions and vocabulary that no longer have any counterpart in the spoken varieties and adopted certain new constructions and vocabulary from the spoken varieties. Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the post-Quranic era, especially in modern times.

Arabic is the only surviving member of the Old North Arabian dialect group attested in Pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions dating back to the 4th century.^[7] Arabic is written with the Arabic alphabet, which is an abjad script and is written from right-to-left although the spoken varieties are sometimes written in ASCII Latin from left-to-right with no standardized forms.

Arabic has lent many words to other languages of the Islamic world, like Persian, Turkish, Somali, Swahili, Bosnian, Kazakh, Bengali,Urdu, Hindi, Malay and Hausa. During the Middle Ages, Literary Arabic was a major vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in science, mathematics and philosophy. As a result, many European languages have also borrowed many words from it. Arabic influence, both in vocabulary and grammar, is seen in Romance languages, particularly Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan and Sicilian, owing to both the proximity of Christian European and Muslim Arab civilizations and 900 years of Arabic culture and language in the Iberian Peninsulareferred to in Arabic as al-Andalus.

Arabic has also borrowed words from many languages, including Hebrew, Greek, Persian and Syriac in early centuries, Turkish in medieval times and contemporary European languages in modern times, mostly from English and French.

Quran

Part of a series on
Quran
Text[hide] Chapter (Sura)  List of chapters Meccan Medinan Verse Juz Muqatta'at
Content[hide] God Eschatology Prophets in the Quran Quran and miracles Quran and science Legends Female figures Parables in the Quran
Quran reading[hide] Tajwid Tarteel Hafiz Reciter Qira'at
Translation[hide] List of translations English translations
History[hide] History of the Quran Samarkand Kufic Quran Sana'a manuscript Topkapi manuscript
Quranic exegesis[hide] Persons related to verses mentioned by name Occasions of revelation Abrogation Biblical narratives Esoteric interpretation Qur'anic hermeneutics
Related[hide] Inimitability Qur'an and tradition Qur'anism Shi’a Createdness Criticism The Quran (English pronunciation: /kɔrˈɑːn/[n 1] kor-ahn , Arabic: القرآن‎ al-qurʼān, IPA: [qurˈʔaːn],[n 2] literally meaning "the recitation", also romanised Qurʼanor Koran) is the central religious text of Islam, which Muslims believe to be a revelation from God (Arabic: الله‎, Allah).[1] It is widely regarded as the finest piece of literature in the Arabic language.[2][3][4][5] Muslims consider the Quran to be the only book that has been protected by God from distortion or corruption.[6] However, some significant textual variations (employing different wordings) and deficiencies in the Arabic script mean the relationship between the text of today's Quran and an original text is unclear.[7] Quranic chapters are called suras and verses are called ayahs. Muslims believe that the Quran was verbally revealed from God to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel (Jibril), gradually over a period of approximately 23 years, beginning on 22 December 609 CE,[8] when Muhammad was 40, and concluding in 632 CE, the year of his death.[1][9][10] Shortly after Muhammad's death, the Quran was collected by his companions using written Quranic materials and everything that had been memorized of the Quran.[11] Muslims regard the Quran as the most important miracle of Muhammad, the proof of his prophethood[12] and the culmination of a series of divine messages that started with the messages revealed to Adam and ended with Muhammad. The Quran assumes familiarity with major narratives recounted in the Jewish and Christian scriptures. It summarizes some, dwells at length on others and, in some cases, presents alternative accounts and interpretations of events.[13][14][15] The Quran describes itself as a book of guidance. It sometimes offers detailed accounts of specific historical events, and it often emphasizes the moral significance of an event over its narrative sequence.[16][17] The Quran is used along with the hadith to interpret sharialaw.[18] During prayers, the Quran is recited only in Arabic.[19] Someone who has memorized the entire Quran is called a hafiz. Some Muslims read Quranic ayahs (verses) with elocution, which is often called tajwīd. During the month of Ramadan, Muslims typically complete the recitation of the whole Quran during tarawih prayers.

List of Asian countries

List of Asian countries by GDP

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of Asian countries sorted by their 2010 gross domestic product at market or government official exchange rates (nominal GDP) and PPP map is for year 2010. Data produced by theInternational Monetary Fund as of April 2010.

Country or territory	GDP nominal millions of USD	GDP PPP millions of USD	GDP PPP per capita USD	Location
Asia	18,515,000	24,077,000
Afghanistan	16,631	29,616	1000	South Asia
Bahrain	21,733	29,663	37,200	West Asia
Bangladesh	105,402	257,545	1,600	South Asia
Bhutan	1,397	3,785	5,600	South Asia
Brunei	11,963	19,925	51,800	Southeast Asia
Burma	35,646	76,240	1,197	Southeast Asia
Cambodia	11,360	29,811	2,000	Southeast Asia
China (PRC)	5,878,257	10,085,708	7,518	East Asia
India	1,537,966	4,060,392	3,339	South Asia
Indonesia	706,735	1,029,884	4,394	Southeast Asia
Iran	337,901	818,653	11,200	West Asia
Iraq	84,136	115,330	3,600	West Asia
Japan	5,458,872	4,309,432	32,817	East Asia
Jordan	27,129	34,617	5,000	West Asia
Kazakhstan	129,757	193,261	11,434	Central Asia
North Korea	28,000	40,000	1,900	East Asia
South Korea	1,007,084	1,459,246	30,200	East Asia
Kuwait	117,316	138,099	38,293	West Asia
Kyrgyzstan	4,444	11,772	2,162	Central Asia
Laos	6,341	15,689	2,435	Southeast Asia
Lebanon	39,149	59,906	15,331	West Asia
Macau SAR of China	22,100	18,470	59,451	East Asia
Malaysia	218,950	412,302	14,603	Southeast Asia
Maldives	1,433	1,755	5,483	South Asia
Mongolia	5,807	10,252	3,727	East Asia
Nepal	15,108	35,231	1,250	South Asia
Oman	53,782	78,100	26,197	West Asia
Pakistan	164,792	464,711	2,789	South Asia
Philippines	189,061	350,279	3,725	Southeast Asia
Qatar	126,518	149,995	88,232	West Asia
Republic of China (Taiwan)	426,984	810,487	34,743	East Asia
Saudi Arabia	434,440	619,826	23,742	West Asia
Singapore	217,377	291,712	57,238	Southeast Asia
Sri Lanka	48,241	104,124	5,103	South Asia
Syria	59,633	105,324	5,108	West Asia
Tajikistan	5,578	14,529	1,907	Central Asia
Thailand	312,605	584,768	8,643	Southeast Asia
Turkmenistan	27,960	35,883	6,597	Central Asia
United Arab Emirates	239,650	186,908	36,973	West Asia
Uzbekistan	37,724	85,363	3,022	Central Asia
Vietnam	101,987	275,639	2,793	Southeast Asia
Yemen	30,023	63,329	2,595	West Asia